Systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid syndrome after COVID-19 vaccination. A case report.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines have some adverse effects, mostly mild. However, by presenting an immunological challenge to the individual, they could infrequently trigger immune-mediated diseases (IMDs). We report the case of a 42-year-old woman, with no previous medical history, who received the first dose of vaccine against COVID-19 and developed inflammatory arthralgias, associated with sudden-onset dyspnoea and hypoxemia. Pulmonary thromboembolism was documented, and the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and secondary antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) was suspected. Autoantibodies were measured confirming this suspicion. After a few days, she presented a massive pericardial effusion with cardiac tamponade that required surgical management. Treatment with azathioprine, hydroxychloroquine, corticosteroids, and anticoagulation was indicated with improvement of all her symptoms. There is controversy regarding the potential of COVID-19 vaccines to induce autoimmunity. Studies addressing the safety of using these vaccines have reported the occurrence of mild local and systemic reactions, most frequently in young adults. So far, there are few reports of patients who have developed autoimmune or autoinflammatory diseases after getting vaccinated with any of the COVID-19 vaccines. To the best of our knowledge, to date, this is one of the first cases of new-onset SLE and secondary APS after COVID-19 vaccination.

Osteoarticular manifestations of systemic sclerosis: a systematic review of the literature / Manifestaciones osteoarticulares de esclerosis sistémica: una revisión sistemática de la literatura

ABSTRACT Introduction: Osteoarticular manifestations (OAM) are frequently present in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc). These OAM are related to important functional disability and a severe impact on patient's life quality, therefore, they require special attention from clinicians. Objective: Determining the frequency of reported OAM in SSc patients, the general impact of osteoarticular manifestations in patient's condition and the tools available for diagnosis and treatment. Methodology: A systematic review of the literature was performed for information published between January 1970 and December 2018 in the medical research databases of: Medline, Embase, Lilacs, Scielo, Cochrane and clinicaltrials.gov. Results and Conclusions: A total of 116 articles were included in this review. The type and prevalence of the different OAM reported in the literature were determined. In addition to the evolution of their diagnostic methods, there are more validated methods to assess the impact of OAM in patients with SSc. Randomized clinical trials are required to establish the best treatment strategy for these patients.

RESUMEN Introducción: Las manifestaciones osteoarticulares (MOA) están presentes de forma frecuente en pacientes con esclerosis sistémica (SSc). Generan gran discapacidad funcional con un impacto importante en la calidad de vida de los pacientes, por lo que requieren especial atención por parte de los clínicos. Objetivos: Determinar la frecuencia de las MOA dentro de la SSc, su impacto en la condición general de los pacientes y las diferentes herramientas disponibles de diagnóstico y tratamiento. Metodología: Se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura disponible desde enero de 1970 hasta diciembre de 2018 en las bases de datos de Medline, Embase, Lilacs, Scielo, Cochrane y clinicaltrials.gov. Resultados y conclusiones: Se incluyeron un total de 116 artículos en esta revisión. Se determinaron el tipo y la prevalencia de las diferentes MOA reportadas en la literatura. Además de la evolución en los métodos diagnósticos de las mismas, cada vez existen más métodos validados para evaluar el impacto de las MOA en los pacientes con SSC. Se requieren ensayos clínicos aleatorizados que permitan establecer la mejor estrategia de tratamiento para estos pacientes.

Rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus: Pathophysiological mechanisms related to innate immune system.

Rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus are two highly prevalent autoimmune diseases that generate disability and low quality of life. The innate immune system, a long-forgotten issue in autoimmune diseases, is becoming increasingly important and represents a new focus for the treatment of these entities. This review highlights the role that innate immune system plays in the pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. The role of the innate immune system in rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus pathophysiology is not only important in early stages but is essential to maintain the immune response and to allow disease progression. In rheumatoid arthritis, genetic and environmental factors are involved in the initial stimulation of the innate immune response in which macrophages are the main participants, as well as fibroblast-like synoviocytes. In systemic lupus erythematosus, all the cells contribute to the inflammatory response, but the complement system is the major effector of the inflammatory process. Detecting alterations in the normal function of these cells, besides its contribution to the understanding of the pathophysiology of autoimmune diseases, could help to establish new treatment strategies for these diseases.